Multiple Choice
Identify the
letter of the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
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1.
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A
wave travelling along a spring with a wavelength of 2.0 m enters a second spring where the wavelength
becomes 3.0 m. If the speed in the first spring was 4.4 m/s, the speed of the wave in the second
spring is a. | 0.73
m/s | d. | 4.4
m/s | b. | 2.2
m/s | e. | 6.6
m/s | c. | 2.9
m/s | | | | |
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2.
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The
diagram above shows a series of wave fronts travelling in a ripple tank from a deep portion to a
shallow portion of the tank. The ratio of the speed of the waves in the shallow portion to the speed
in the deep portion for the above case is
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3.
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A
series of wave fronts in a wave tank travelling toward an opening are shown above. Which of the
following changes would cause an increase in the amount of diffraction? a. | decreasing the
amplitude of the wave | b. | decreasing the frequency of the wave | c. | increase the
size of the opening | d. | placing the wave generator closer to the
opening | e. | using a shorter wavelength | | |
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4.
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Two
point sources vibrating in phase in a ripple tank are placed a fixed distance apart, creating a
stationary nodal line pattern. Which of the following statements concerning the nodal lines is
incorrect? a. | In areas between
the nodal lines, energy is transmitted away from the sources. | b. | When the
distance from the sources is large, the nodal line separation is one-half of a
wavelength. | c. | The path length difference from the sources to any point on a
given nodal line is a fixed value. | d. | Nodal lines are a result of continuous destructive
interference. | e. | The nodal lines are hyperbolas, becoming essentially straight
lines at great distances from the source. | | |
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5.
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In a
two-point source interference pattern in a ripple tank, a point is one-half wavelength farther from
one source than the other. If the two sources are in phase, then there is a. | destructive
interference at this point | b. | constructive interference at this
point | c. | both constructive and destructive interference
simultaneously | d. | neither constructive nor destructive interference at this
point | e. | no interaction between the two waves at this
point | | |
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6.
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In a
two-point source interference pattern in a ripple tank, a point is one wavelength farther from one
source than the other. If the two sources are in phase, then there is a. | destructive
interference at this point | b. | constructive interference at this
point | c. | both constructive and destructive interference
simultaneously | d. | neither constructive nor destructive interference at this
point | e. | no interaction between the two waves at this
point | | |
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7.
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The
diagram above shows two identical speakers arranged at ear level. They are emitting the same
frequency in phase. The speakers are 3.0 m apart and an observer stands 4.0 m directly in front of
one speaker at point X. The sound intensity will be least for the observer at X when the wavelength
of the sound is a. | 5.0
m | d. | 2.0
m | b. | 4.0
m | e. | 1.0
m | c. | 3.0
m | | | | |
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8.
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The
diagram above shows two identical speakers arranged at ear level. They are emitting the same
frequency in phase. The speakers are 3.0 m apart and an observer stands 4.0 m directly in front of
one speaker at point X. The sound intensity will be greatest for the observer at X when the
wavelength of the sound is a. | 1.0 m | d. | 4.0 m | b. | 2.0
m | e. | 5.0
m | c. | 3.0
m | | | | |
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9.
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A
two-point source interference pattern is generated in a ripple tank by identical sources vibrating in
phase and located 12.0 cm apart. There are seven nodal lines observed on each side of the centre
line. If the frequency of the sources is doubled and they remain in phase a. | the number of
nodal lines observed will double | b. | the wavelength doubles | c. | the speed of the
wave doubles | d. | the number of nodal lines will decrease to
half | e. | the average
distance between nodal lines increases | | |
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10.
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Which
of the following properties of light cannot be explained by the wave theory but can easily be
explained by the particle theory? a. | rectilinear propagation | d. | dispersion | b. | transmission in
a vacuum | e. | diffraction | c. | refraction | | | | |
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11.
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An
interference pattern from a monochromatic laser light is observed on a screen. If l is the
wavelength of the source, w is the width of each slit, L is the distance between the
slits and the screen, and Dx is the distance between adjacent nodal lines in the pattern, then the
distance between the centre of the two slits d is a. | | d. | | b. | | e. | none of the
above | c. | | | | | |
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12.
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An
interference pattern from a monochromatic laser light is observed on a screen. If d is the
distance between the centre of the slits, w is the width of each slit, L is the
distance between the slits and the screen, and Dx is the distance between adjacent nodal lines in the
pattern, then the wavelength of the light l is
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13.
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Two
monochromatic point sources of light, S1 and S2, are shown below. They are
initially in phase.
As the phase of S1 is increasingly delayed with respect to
S2, which of the following would be observed? a. | The interference
pattern will slowly disappear. | b. | The distance between adjacent dark bands will
increase. | c. | The distance between adjacent dark bands will
decrease. | d. | The pattern of dark bands will slowly begin to
shift. | e. | The central maximum will become twice as
wide. | | |
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14.
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Light
from a monochromatic source shines on two adjacent, narrow slits. Which of the intensity patterns
shown below best illustrates the interference pattern observed?
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15.
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A
student performs a double-slit experiment using a monochromatic light source, two slits spaced 0.10
mm apart, and a screen located 150 cm away. The bright fringes are located 0.30 cm apart. If the
screen distance was changed to 3.0 m from the sources, what would the average distance between bright
fringes become? a. | 0.20
cm | d. | 0.67
cm | b. | 0.30
cm | e. | 0.50
m | c. | 0.60
cm | | | | |
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16.
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A
student performs a double-slit experiment using a monochromatic light source with a wavelength of
5.00 ´ 10–7 m. The pattern appears on a screen 150 cm away
and the bright fringes are 0.40 cm apart. If the wavelength of the light used is changed to 7.50
´
10–7 m, what would the average distance between bright fringes
become? a. | 0.15
cm | d. | 0.60
cm | b. | 0.20
cm | e. | 1.5
m | c. | 0.27
cm | | | | |
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17.
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A
beam of light travels from a vacuum into water at an angle of 45o. The light has a
frequency of 6.00 ´ 1014 Hz and travels at a speed of 2.26 ´ 108
m/s in water. The speed of light in a vacuum is 3.00 ´ 108 m/s. What is the wavelength of the light in the
vacuum? a. | 5.00
´
10–7 m | d. | 1.33
m | b. | 2.21
´
10–7 m | e. | 0.753
m | c. | 3.77
´
10–7 m | | | | |
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18.
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A
triangular prism disperses white light into its spectral colours. Red is deviated least, while violet
is deviated most. Which of the following statements explains this phenomenon best? a. | The speed of red
light in glass is less than the speed of violet light. | b. | Both the
wavelength and the speed of the violet light are greater in glass than the red
light. | c. | Both the wavelength and the frequency of the violet light are
greater in glass than the red light. | d. | The index of refraction for red light in glass is greater than
that of violet light. | e. | The index of refraction for red light in glass is less than
that of violet light. | | |
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19.
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In
which of the following can the property of polarization not be used? a. | analyze the
stress distribution in materials | b. | improve picture quality in
photography | c. | reducing glare from the Sun | d. | identifying
solution concentrations | e. | measuring very small distances using interference
patterns | | |
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20.
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A
student wishes to measure very small distances using the interference pattern generated by
monochromatic light. The pattern must be widely spaced with numerous fringes and clearly defined.
Which of the following experimental set-ups would generate the most suitable
pattern? a. | blue light and a
wide single slit | b. | red light and a narrow single slit | c. | blue light and
narrow double slits spaced close together | d. | red light and narrow double slits spaced close
together | e. | red light and narrow double slits spaced far
apart | | |
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21.
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An
experiment using a diffraction grating with a monochromatic light source is performed to create an
interference pattern on a screen. Which of the following changes would cause the pattern to spread
out? a. | perform the
exact same experiment underwater | b. | use a grating that has a higher line
density | c. | use a light source with a shorter
wavelength | d. | move the screen farther away | e. | both b. and
d. | | |
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22.
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An
experiment using a diffraction grating with a monochromatic light source is performed to create an
interference pattern on a screen. Consider the following changes:
I. Decrease the line density of
the grating.
II. Increase the frequency of the
source.
III. Decrease the distance to the
screen.
Which of these changes would cause the pattern to spread
out? a. | I
only | b. | III
only | c. | I and III
only | d. | I, II, and
III | e. | None of these
changes would cause the pattern to spread out. | | |
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23.
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Monochromatic red light is shone from above on two soap films, A and B, as shown
below. An observer at position X observes that film A appears uniformly red while film B has
alternate, equally spaced, red and black bands.
Which statement
best explains these observations? a. | Film A has a thickness of  and film B has a thickness of  . | b. | Film A has a
thickness of  and film B has a thickness of  . | c. | Film A has a
thickness much less than 
and film B has a thickness of  . | d. | Film A has a constant thickness and film B has a variable
thickness. | e. | Film A has a variable thickness and film B has a constant
thickness. | | |
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24.
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Light
from a monochromatic source is aimed toward two thin films as shown below. Shown are both reflected
and transmitted rays at each surface. The thickness of each film is indicated in terms of the
wavelength of the light in each film. Positions I, II, III, and IV indicate possible locations for a
photometer to take light intensity readings.
The maximum
readings on the photometer would occur at positions a. | I and
III | d. | II and
IV | b. | I and
IV | e. | I and
II | c. | II and
III | | | | |
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25.
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Monochromatic light strikes a thin film normal to the surface. To obtain the first
transmitted minimum, the thickness of the film must be a. | much less than
 | d. | | b. | | e. | | c. | | | | | |
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26.
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To
standardize the metre, Michelson used his interferometer and counted the fringes produced by the
orange–red spectral line of krypton-86, whose wavelength is 606 nm. If the mirror is moved a
distance of 0.500 m, how many bright fringes should pass the reference point? a. | 1.65
´
10–6 | d. | 4.13
´
105 | b. | 1.21 ´ 103 | e. | 1.65 ´ 106 | c. | 8.25
´
105 | | | | |
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27.
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One
of the mirrors on Michelson's interferometer is moved, causing 175 dark fringes to move past the
reference point. If green light with a wavelength of 575 nm was used, through what distance was the
mirror moved? a. | 101 mm | d. | 5.03
´
10–5 mm | b. | 50.3 mm | e. | 1.01 ´ 10–4 mm | c. | 50.3
mm | | | | |
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28.
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What
is the wavelength of a radio wave (travelling at 3.00 ´ 108 m/s) from a local radio station that
broadcasts at 1050 kHz? a. | 286 km | d. | 286 m | b. | 1.05
´ 103
m | e. | 0.286
m | c. | 572
m | | | | |
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29.
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Which
of the following lists the EM radiation in order from lowest frequency to highest
frequency? a. | infrared
radiation, microwaves, ultraviolet radiation, X rays | b. | microwaves, X
rays, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation | c. | infrared
radiation, ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, X rays | d. | microwaves,
infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X rays | e. | X rays,
microwaves, ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation | | |
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30.
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Which
of the following lists the EM radiation in order from shortest wavelength to longest
wavelength? a. | infrared
radiation, microwaves, ultraviolet radiation, X rays | b. | X rays,
microwaves, infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation | c. | infrared
radiation, ultraviolet radiation, microwaves, X rays | d. | microwaves,
infrared radiation, ultraviolet radiation, X rays | e. | X rays,
ultraviolet radiation, infrared radiation, microwaves | | |
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Completion
Complete each sentence or
statement.
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31.
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When
creating water waves in a ripple tank, the ____________________ appear as bright areas on the screen
below.
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32.
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When
generating a two-point source interference pattern in a ripple tank, increasing the frequency of the
sources causes the wavelength to ____________________.
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33.
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In
Young’s double-slit experiment, a(n) ____________________ is produced at the centre of the
pattern.
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34.
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The
observation that nodal lines are more spaced out for red light than for blue light indicates that red
light has a(n) ____________________ wavelength than blue light.
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35.
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The
bending of a wave due to changing speed is called ____________________.
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36.
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The
bending of a wave around corners or through openings is called ____________________.
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37.
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Light
that is composed of a single colour, or wavelength, is called ____________________.
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38.
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____________________ defines the mathematical relationship between the angles of
incidence and refraction.
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39.
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Nodal
lines in a two-point source interference pattern have a ____________________ shape.
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40.
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The
“corpuscular” theory of light was most strongly supported by
____________________.
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41.
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A
student observes white light entering a triangular prism and emerging in its spectral colours on the
other side. This phenomenon is called ____________________.
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42.
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Red
light bends least. According to Snell’s law, the wavelength of red light is ____________________
that of blue light.
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43.
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Since
light can be polarized, it must be a(n) ____________________ wave.
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44.
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For
two polarizing filters to absorb all of the light passing through them, their polarizing axes must be
placed ____________________ to each other.
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45.
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Edwin
Land created the first synthetic material used to polarize light which he called
____________________.
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46.
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For
diffraction of light through a(n) ____________________ slit, the central maximum is brighter and
wider than the remaining maxima.
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47.
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As
the diameter of an aperture ____________________, the resolution of the optical instrument
decreases.
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48.
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An
optical device consisting of a large number of parallel slits that is used in wave analysis is called
a(n) _________________________.
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49.
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Using
a grating spectroscope, the ____________________ spectrum of a heated element can be analyzed in
order to help identify the element.
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50.
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When
a light ray in air reflects from a denser medium, such as a soap bubble surface, the phase of the
reflected ray is ____________________.
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51.
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For
light transmitted through thin films, ____________________ interference occurs when the thickness of
the film is nearly zero.
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52.
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A
common problem with eyeglasses called ____________________ can be minimized by coating the lenses
with a thin film.
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53.
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Three
dimensional images called ____________________ are formed as a result of the interference of coherent
reflected or transmitted light.
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54.
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Small
distances, such as wavelengths of light, can be measured using Michelson’s interferometer by
analyzing the _________________________ it produces.
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55.
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Radiation with frequencies above that of ____________________ is considered to be
“ionizing” radiation since it can cause atoms to liberate electrons.
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Short Answer
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56.
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A new
radio station wishes to place two transmission towers near each other in a central location between
several urban areas. These two towers will act as a two-point source. If the majority of the
population lies on an axis running east–west, what orientation should the two towers have in
order to maximize the signal reaching the majority of the population?
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57.
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What
three factors must remain the same in order to see a stationary two-point source interference
pattern?
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58.
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The
wave theory of light is considered to be an excellent theory, as it satisfies fairly well the two
principle functions of a theory. What are the two principle functions of a scientific theory or
model?
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59.
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The
diagram shown below illustrates the possible paths followed by a light ray as it enters a lens (n
= 1.56) covered with a thin coating (n = 1.25). If the thin coating has a thickness of
 , what type of interference occurs with rays
1 and 2? Explain your answer.
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60.
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Describe how a glass “optical flat” can be used to test the smoothness of
the surface of a metal block.
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Problem
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61.
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A ray of
monochromatic light travels from oil into crown glass (nglass = 1.52) at an angle
of 65.0o. If the angle in glass is 55.0o, what is the index of refraction of
the oil?
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62.
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A
ripple tank is used to generate straight waves in region A that travel toward region B, which is
separated from region A by a straight boundary. The frequency of the generator is 2.5 Hz, and the
waves travel in region A with a speed of 15 cm/s. If the wave fronts in region A strike the boundary
at 20o, and the wave fronts in region B leave the boundary at
50o,
(a) use Snell’s law to find the relative index of refraction
between the two regions
(b) find the wavelength in each region
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63.
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A
two-point source interference pattern is generated in a swimming pool. A piece of styrofoam, located
on the second nodal line, is 12.0 m from one source and 20.0 m from the other source. One wave crest
takes 2.0 s to travel the 35.0 m width of the pool. Find the speed, wavelength, and frequency of the
waves.
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64.
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A
two-point source interference pattern is generated by sources operating in phase at 1.0 Hz. The
sources are 2.0 m apart and the wavelength of the waves is 0.60 m. At what angles, measured from the
centre line of the pattern, are the nodal lines produced located?
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65.
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Light
from a monochromatic source passes through a single slit with a width of 12.7 mm. If the fourth
dark fringe appears at an angle of 10.0o, calculate the wavelength of light used. What
colour is this?
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Essay
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66.
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The
theory of the wave nature of light proposed by Christiaan Huygens was not readily accepted by many of
the early physicists. In order to support his theory, Huygens had to explain the many behaviours of
light using his theory. Discuss how Huygens explained the following properties of light using his
wave theory and its postulates: reflection, refraction, dispersion, diffraction, and partial
reflection–refraction, rectilinear propagation.
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67.
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A
friend asks you to explain why a soap bubble reflects various colours from the surface even though
the light source is white. How would you explain this phenomenon?
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